I propose to consider the question, "Can machines think?" This should begin with definitions of the meaning of the terms "machine" and "think." The definitions might be framed so as to reflect so far as possible the normal use of the words, but this attitude is dangerous, If the meaning of the words "machine" and "think" are to be found by examining how they are commonly used it is difficult to escape the conclusion that the meaning and the answer to the question, "Can machines think?" is to be sought in a statistical survey such as a Gallup poll. But this is absurd. Instead of attempting such a definition I shall replace the question by another, which is closely related to it and is expressed in relatively unambiguous words.
Computing Machinery and Intelligence
This is a seminal paper written by Alan Turing on the topic of artificial intelligence. The paper, published in 1950 in Mind, was the first to introduce his concept of what is now known as the Turing test to the general public.
Introduction
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2014
Scott Aaronson, Sean M. Carroll +1
This paper proposes a quantitative framework for the rise-and-fall trajectory of complexity in closed systems, showing that a coffee-and-cream cellular automaton exhibits a bell-curve of apparent complexity when particles interact, thereby linking information theory with thermodynamics and self-organization.