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FDE-Gym: The Last Mile of AI Delivery

Benchmark for evaluating agents' ability to deliver working AI systems in realistic customer environments: 95 end-to-end delivery tasks with scripted stakeholders and production-like systems, scored by improvement to the customer's business metric and penalized for stakeholder contact.

Introduction

Most agent benchmarks test well-specified tasks; real-world vendor engineers must instead clarify ambiguous asks, reveal unstated constraints, and ship systems that actually improve customer metrics. FDE-Gym reframes evaluation around these last-mile challenges by embedding tasks in simulated but production-like customer environments and grading delivered systems by measurable business uplift.

Key Findings
  • Realistic scope: 95 end-to-end delivery tasks drawn from 20 customer scenarios across 18 sectors; agents interact with scripted stakeholders and modify production-like systems rather than just outputting text.
  • Evaluation metric: normalized business uplift (0 = no change, 1 = expert reference) with penalties for stakeholder messages, trial runs, and waiting time to discourage excessive interaction.
  • Empirical gap: across 13 model configurations the best mean score is 0.56 and only 14/95 tasks are fully resolved (>=0.8 with no incident), showing major failures beyond information gathering.
  • Bottlenecks: discovering unstated constraints is the primary failure mode; even when key facts are obtained, many solutions still fall short of the reference uplift.
Who it's for

Great fit if you research agent reliability, long-horizon delivery, or evaluation metrics that tie systems to business outcomes; also useful for teams building evaluation harnesses or training forward-deployed engineers. Look elsewhere if you need plug-and-play datasets for supervised model training or tasks limited to short, well-specified prompts—FDE-Gym focuses on interactive, systems-level delivery and requires running the provided harness and scenarios.

Availability and reproducibility: the harness and experiment runner are open-source; original tasks and some examples are available via the project's distribution, while many reference solutions and variants are held out for evaluation integrity.

Information

  • Websitearxiv.org
  • OrganizationsDeepLethe, Tsinghua University, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Beihang University, Xiamen University, Nanjing University, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Tianjin University, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, Harvard University, Stanford University, University College London, Cornell University, Huawei, Atlassian, Meta, Microsoft Research Asia, UWits Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Bopai Management Consulting
  • AuthorsDongxu Yang, Hongda Yan, Renxin Wang, Baoli Zhang, Haojia Zuo, Ying Zhao, Youmin Chen, Xiaojian Liao, Congming Gao, Tianyang Jiang …
  • Published date2026/10/15

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